Походження буддизму, його віровчення та культ
Buddhism - naydavnіsha svіtova relіgіya, scho vinikla in Іndії in Article VI. BCE. e.On the cob st yew. Mr.. with. Buddhism in poshirivsya vsіy teritorії Azіatskogo mainland i naprikіntsі tisyacholіttya vіn already rozprostorivsya vіd Kaspіyskogo Sea to the Pacific Ocean, vіd Yakutії to Іndonezії. Dalі Buddhism postupovo rozchinyavsya in natsіonalnih cultures vitіsnyavsya іslamom i Christianity. SW of XV century. in Stepovoy narodіv skladaєtsya buddistska Church - lamaїzm. In the XIX century. єvropeyskі shodoznavtsі "vіdkrili" іsnuvannya bud-distskoї lіteraturi, pіslya chogo іnteres to Buddhism Pochaiv Shvydko zrostati, z'yavilisya chislennі bud-dologіchnі school kraїnah Єvropi, Rosії that the United States.
Naprikіntsі XIX century. pochinaєtsya pіdnesennya natsіonalno-vizvolnogo Ruhu in kraїnah Azії, scho led to the Renaissance traditsіynih shіdnih relіgіy have to chislі Buddhism. Rosіysky іndolog I. P. Minaєv zaznachav, scho Renaissance Buddhism rozpochalosya todі, if chentsі dovіdalisya about vivchennya sacred buddіyskih tekstіv in Єvropі, about іnteres єvropeyskoї demokratichnoї gromadskostі vchennya to the Buddha. Tse sponukalo їh vstupiti in polemіku s hristiyanskimi mіsіonerami and uspіhi buddіyskih chentsіv in debates priskorili process іdeologіzatsії vchennya Buddha i polіtizatsії buddіyskoї community - sanghi.Do 60 rokіv XX century.Buddhism perezhivaє svoєrіdny renaissance in zdebіlshogo kraїnah Azії and buddіyskі communities, monastirі d centered at vinikli bagatoh kraїnah Єvropi, America is the Avstralії. Ninі poslіdovnikіv Buddhism nalіchuєtsya blizko 700 million cholovіk.Іstorichnі dzherela svіdchat, scho about Buddhism people nіbito vozvіstiv Shak'yamunі (s Pustelnik plemenі shak'їv) i need the 2.5 vіdbulosya Tse Yew. rokіv addition to Іndії. For perekazami, pіslya nezlіchennih pererodzhen Buddha (scho oznachaє on sanskritі prosvіtleny vischim knowledge osіneny іstinoyu) z'yavivsya on the ground, his schob vikonati ryatіvnu mіsіyu, vkazati lyudstvu Way, yaky dopomozhe pozbutisya strazhdan. For Svoge ostannogo pererodzhennya savior formed similar Prince Siddhartha, scho nalezhav to a noble family Gotama (zvіdsi yogo birth іm'ya Gautama). Rіd Tsei is to plemenі shak'їv, yak lived for rokіv 500-600 BC. ie, the p dolinі. Ganges, in serednіy її techії. Mother of Siddhartha - the ruler of the Mayan Squad (abo Mahamaya) - a ever pobachila uvі snі, in scho її bіk uvіyshov bіly elephant through Pevnyi hour won nemovlya people, yak's World on z'yavilosya takozh nezvichnim Way (s viyshlo side materі) odrazu zrobilo kіlka krokіv i filed a cry yaky pochuli vsі Vsesvіtu gods. Canopies found in Maya mіstechku Dumbіnі, roztashovanomu ninі teritorії in Nepal, 10 km to pіvnіch vіd іndіyskogo cordon. The queen pryamuvala zі svoєї stolitsі Kapіlavastu in batkіvsky Dim. Gods pіdnesli novonarodzhenomu darunki. After sіm dnіv pіslya pologіv mother pomerla.Dovіdavshis about narodzhennya tsarskogo Sin, lord palazzo shak'їv vіdvіdav old sage Asita. Pobachivshi on tili novonarodzhenogo "prikmeti velichі" Asita rozsmіyavsya and Zgoda crying. "I smіyus - saying vіn - vіd radostі, scho z'yavivsya savior to the ground, i cry vіd of scho menі not vipade schastya zhiti dosit dovga, schob bachiti zvershennya him Svoge feat." Nemovlya named Sid-dharthoyu, scho oznachaє "one scho vikonav svoє poklikannya." But lord not hotіv vtrachati Sin, scho neminuche happened b, if b sin virіshiv prisvyatiti relіgії itself.Tom vіn otochiv ditinu rozkіshshyu, retelno prihovuyuchi vіd neї vsі neprivablivі Zhittya hand. Sche pіdlіtkom Siddhartha vrazhav usіh svoїmi nezvichaynimi zdіbnostyami, power, spritnіstyu that Rozum. Dosyagnuvshi zrіlostі, vіn odruzhivsya.The brigade podaruvala yomu Sin. Zhittya sіm'ї Bulo spovnene radoschіv belonging, schastya.Proїzhdzhayuchi kolіsnitseyu pіd hour progulyanki on mіstu in otochennі tantsyuyuchih i spіvayuchih dіvchat, Siddhartha pobachiv vkrito th virazkami ailing cholovіka, zgorblenogo rokami nemіchnogo dіda, funerals protsesіyu i poglinenogo in glibokі rozdumi ascetic. Tsі "chotiri zustrіchі" all in nomu overturned. Vіn dovіdavsya about vlastivі lyudinі strazhdannya. St tієї samoї nochі kradkoma zalishiv svіy Dim, schob in pustelnitstvі shukati Way, yaky dopomozhe pozbutisya strazhdan.Cherez raptove osyayannya vnaslіdok dovga, glibokogo spoglyadannya Gautam vіdkriv Way to spasіnnya. Tse Bulo on berezі rіchki Naprandzhani in mіstechku Uruvіlya in suchasnіy Buch Bodh gayі. Sedentary pіd tree, Siddhartha pіznav "chotiri blagorodnі іstini" tobto becoming Buddoyu.Priynyato vvazhati, scho sutnіst Buddhism z'yasovana Ghaouth-day in my great prozrіnnya, bula chіtko vikladena Buddha in pershіy vigoloshenіy propovіdі him. In nіy stislo filed vchennya about "chotiri blagorodnі іstini." Іstini progoloshuyut, scho:1) Zhittya є strazhdannya;2) The reason vsіh strazhdan - Bazhanov;3) You can strazhdannya pripiniti pozbavlennyam vіd Bazhanov, "maturity" ostannіh;4) conduct slіd dobrochinne Zhittya for laws "pravilnoї povedіnki" i "right knowledge".Persha s "noble chotiroh іstin" formulyuєtsya as follows: "The noble chomu polyagaє іstina about strazhdannya? Narodzhennya - strazhdannya, rozlad Health Protection - strazhdannya, death - strazhdannya, Sorrow - stognannya, grief, i neschastya vіdchay - strazhdannya, the union s dislike - strazhdannya, rozluka s Cohanim - strazhdannya, neotrimannya pristrasnogo Zhadanov - strazhdannya, briefly kazhuchi, p'yat kategorіy іsnuvannya in yakih viyavlyaєtsya priv'yazanіst (to earth) - strazhdannya. "Hoch strazhdannya zumovlyuyutsya peredusіm chinnikami bіologіchnimi (death, hvoroba, narodzhennya) i psihologіchnimi (Sorrow, vіdchay toscho), Buddhism does not obminaє chinniki іnshogo order. Buddі, napriklad, pripisuyut takі words: "Gosudarі, yakі pravlyat kingdoms volodіyut belongings bagatstvami i, j pozhadlivіstyu pozirayut one-on-one, poturayuchi svoїm nenasitnim Bazhanov. Yakscho of I stink so dіyut nevtomno, plivuchi in pototsі nepostіynostі, vablenі zazherlivіstyu that plotskim Zhadanov, Well then hto todі Mauger spokіyno zemlі goes on? "Vazhlivo zaznachiti, Qiu Buddhism strazhdannya erect into an absolute, in provіdnu vlastivіst suttєvogo Butt in usіh yogo viyavah, robit strazhdannya sutnіstyu Butt. Whether yak Zhittya, іsnuvannya zavzhdi, everywhere, whether yakomu yogo proyavі є obov'yazkovo, bezumovno i neminuche strazhdannyam, evil. With such a statement of power Buddhism vіdrіznyaєtsya vіd bіlshostі relіgіy, yakі pereduvali yomu th vinikli pіslya nogo.Spravdі in usіh relіgіyah's World Earth that chuttєvy vsіlyako prinizhuєtsya and protistavleny yomu "svit heavenly" pіdnositsya, utverdzhuєtsya yak "іstinne nadbuttya." Otzhe, perebuvannya in earthly svіtі blame for Booty vikoristane pіdgotovki to "Zhittya" svіtі in heaven. The Natural, "vіchne Zhittya" daєtsya yak pile up for perenesenі strazhdannya i bіdi pіd hour for the Earth іsnuvannya.Vzyavshi vihіdny item Svoge vchennya totozhnіst whether yakogo іsnuvannya zі strazhdannyam, Buddhism does not mіg pripustiti mozhlivіst іnshogo іsnuvannya, krіm Karpovna strazhdannya. Death itself, yak strazhdannya not bring poryatunku vіd suffering. Pіslya neї pochinaєtsya Nova, spovnene strazhdan іsnuvannya. Vchennya brahmanіzmu about pererodzhennya zalishilos in buddizmі nepohitnim. Zvіdsi neminuchy visnovok about reconciliation neobhіdnіst zі strazhdannyam.Prote Buddhism in tsomu not zupinyaєtsya.Vimagayuchi bezpristrasnogo representation to vsіh proyavіv chuttєvogo BUTT (tsya vimoga becoming nayvazhlivіshy principle buddіyskoї moralі), and the very bezpristrasnіst rozglyadayuchi yak head chinnik podolannya strazhdan, Buddhism does not zavershuєtsya bezvihіdnim pesimіzmom. Vіn progoloshuє Way to spasіnnya up podolannya strazhdan. Tsei Way polyagaє in Karpovna pripinennі whether yakogo "іsnuvannya have vihodі s brace Butt", the absolute dosyagnennі kіntsya, nebuttya "nіrvani." Visnovok about mozhlivіst spasіnnya sformulovany from "tretіy blagorodnіy іstinі" yak progoloshuє "Shcho x є noble іstinoyu about pripinennya strazhdan? Tse - Karpovna zagasannya i pripinennya usіh Bazhanov i addictions їh vіdkidannya i vіdmova vіd them vizvolennya that vіdokremlennya vіd them. "Chuttєvy's World at buddizmі nazivaєtsya saisara, the word s brahmanіzmu zapozichene Buddhists. Perekonuvati vіruyuchih in Іndії epohi formuvannya Buddhism in fact scho svit spovneny strazhdan not Bulo osoblivoї consumers. Tse stverdzhuvali panuyuchі relіgіynі fіlosofskі traditsії, tsogo conceited prostі trudіvniki
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